Disease Management | കൃഷി സാങ്കേതിക വിജ്ഞാനകോശം

Disease Management

Disease control

Coccidiosis, Ranikhet disease, Infectious Bursal disease, Fowl pox, Worms, Ectoparasites, Aspergillosis and Mareks’ disease can affect the chicks. Marek’s disease, Ranikhet disease and Infectious Bursal disease can be prevented, if preventive vaccination programme is practiced. Coccidiosis can be prevented by incorporating a suitable coccidiostat available in the market in the feed at levels recommended by the manufacturers. Eg. Maduramycin, Salinomycin, Amprolium, Monensin. In the event of an outbreak of coccidiosis, administer any one of the following medicines at levels recommended by the manufacturers in consultation with a veterinarian. Bifuran, Coxysol–Amprosol, Codrinal, Sulfadimethylpyrimidine , Sulfaquinoxaline etc.

In addition, strict sanitation, good litter management and adequate floor space will help to check the occurrence of diseases.

Vaccination programme for layer type chicken

Age	Disease	Vaccine	Route
1. 1 day	Marek’s	HVT vaccine	I/M
2. 5-7 days	RD	Lasota/F	Occulonasal
3. 10-14 days	IBD	IBD Live	Drinking water
4. 24-28 days	IBD	IBD Live	Drinking water
5. 8th week	RD	R2B/RDVK	S/C
6. 16-18 week	RD	Killed/Live	S/C

(Source: Kerala Agricultural University)

Give anti-stress medicaments to combat vaccination stress in consultation with a veterinarian.

Deworming

Birds should be dewormed starting from one week prior to R2B/RDVK vaccination and repeated at 3-week intervals so as to give a total of 4 dewormings before housing at 18 weeks of age. Piperazine compounds, albendazole, mebendazole etc. can be used against round worms. Against tape worms, Niclosamide, Praziquintel, Albendazole can be used.

While medicating through drinking water, it should be done by mixing the required quantity of medicine in the quantity of water that chicks normally consume in 4 hours time (say approximately 6 litres per one hundred, 6 week-old chicks, per day). Additional water should be given only when all the medicated water is consumed by the chicks.

Ectoparasites

The birds should be dusted or dipped and houses fumigated as soon as there is indication of ectoparasites. The following may be used for dusting and dipping. Dipping should be avoided on rainy days. Head dipping has to be avoided.

Tick tox – synthetic pyrithrine compound. Dose – as per manufacturer’s instructions
Butox – Deltamethrin compound. Dose – as per manufacturer’s instructions

In addition to these, general measures of sanitation such as keeping young stock away from adult stock, keeping the poultry houses and equipments clean, prohibiting visitors into the poultry house, proper disposal of dead birds, prevention of entry of rodents and other birds into the pen and periodical culling will greatly help in checking diseases.

Disease, Symptoms and Treatment in Poultry birds

Disease, etiological agent and species affected	Important symptoms	Specimens to be collected	Diagnosis	Control / Treatment
1. Fowl cholera (P.multocida) Poultry, Turkey and Duck	In acute cases birds may die without showing any symptom. In less severe form breathing rapid- open beak, feather ruffled, comb and wattle become cyanotic. There may be yellowish diarrhoea. In chronic form swollen comb and wattle, joints hot and painful. In duck acute haemorrhagic enteritis and oozing of blood from oral cavity noticed. Sudden death.	Blood smear from ailing bird, spleen, liver, lung etc. from sacrificed or dead bird in separate cover (on ice), long bones from putrefied carcass in charcoal packing. In chronic case smear from wattle	Demonstration of orga- nism in blood smear, isolation of organism from internal organs, isolation of the organism from long bone, in chro- nic case it is difficult to demonstrate the organism in blood. Smear from wattle is used, biological method using pigeon	Treatment: Sulpha drugs and TMP combination, Enrofloxacin are effective. Drugs like Flamequin, Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Chlortetracycline and Novobiocin are also used. 1.Killed vaccine 2. Formalinised vaccines with adjuvant: 1 ml s/c
2. Duck septicaemia (Riemerella anatipestifer and Pasteurella anatipestifer) Ducks & Turkey	Young ducks (1-8 weeks) are highly susceptible. Listlessness - occular and nasal discharge, mild coughing, sneezing, greenish diarrhoea, ataxia, tremor of head and neck and coma. In certain cases in adult ducks severe haemorrhagic enteritis with septicaemic lesions all over body noticed. Blood seen in the oral cavity at the time of death due to severe congestion of mucous membrane of oesophagus - sudden death noticed.	Affected bird or internal organs, especially heart, liver, spleen from affected bird in sterile containers (on ice).	Isolation and identification of the organism, demonstration of the organism in blood smear, in putrefied carcass isolation from long bones.	Combination of streptomycin and dihydro-streptomycin., suphadimidine sodium in drinking water for 3 days. Flamequin, Chloramphenicol, Enrofloxacin, Ampicillin, Pefloxacin are also effective. A formalised whole culture vaccine is found to protect the bird for at least 3-6 months. A formalised oil adjuvant vaccine is also effective.
3. Pullorum disease (Salmonella pullorum) Poultry	Chicks hatched from infected egg, moribund or dead chick may be seen in the incubator. Sometimes disease is not seen for 5-10 days. Peak mortality during second or third week. Affected birds may exhibit a shrill cry when voiding excreta, which is white or greenish brown. Infection spread within the flock for a long time without any distinct signs. Reduction in egg production, fertility and hatchability.	Ailing bird or freshly dead birds, or spleen, liver and intestine on ice from dead birds.	Isolation and identification of organism from diseased birds, whole blood agglutination using coloured antigen (not for turkey), tube agglutination test, ELISA, post mortem lesions. In adult, abnormal ovary with misshapen, discoloured ova, pedunculated with thickened wall.	No treatment is likely to effect complete elimination of carrier from infected birds. Sulphadiazine, Sulphamerazine, sulphapyrazine, Sulphamethazine are the most effective in chicken (not in turkey poults). Furazolidone is effective. Also chloramphenicol, colistin and apromycin are effective. No vaccination practised and all positive birds may be disposed off by slaughter. Birds recently vaccinated with S.gallinarum (9R) may give low titre. Since transovarian transmission of organism is there, only eggs from salmonella free flock should be used for hatching.
4. Fowl typhoid (S.gallinarum) Poultry and Turkey	Seen in young chicken and poults. Symptoms similar to pullorum disease. Birds show diarrhoea and greenish faeces and systemic disturbances.	Ailing bird or fresh carcass or liver, spleen and intestine from freshly dead birds by special messenger on ice	Isolation and identification of organism, tube and plate test, clinical observation and necropsy findings (Bronze liver	Sulpha-TMP drugs, Quinelone group are used. Nitrofurans (Furazolidone) are used with some success. 1.Killed vaccine, 2.Live vaccine (9 R strain). Drugs when used as prophylactic agent, 10 days withdrawal period before slaughter.
5. Paratyphoid infection of birds with Salmonella other than S. Pullorum and S. gallinarum Poultry, Turkey, Ducks and Goose	Similar to pullorum	Two ailing birds Internal organs in sterile vials, by special messenger on ice.	Isolation and identification of organism, clinical observation and autopsy findings, serological tests	Furazlidone, injectable gentamicin, spectinomycin, and sodium nalidixate are the drugs of choice. Bacterin and attenuated live vaccines are used.
6. Collibacillosis (E. coli) Poultry, Turkey, Duck	In acute form, symptoms resemble fowl cholera or fowl typhoid.	Ailing bird or internal organs in sterile containers through special messenger on ice	Symptoms, isolation and identification of organism, PM lesions, pericarditis, peritonitis, air saculitis, perihepatitis, septicaemic carcass with liver, spleen, lung, kidney dark and congested.	Faecal contamination of hatching eggs reduced by fumigating or disinfecting eggs within 2 hours of laying. Antibiotic administration after studying the antibiogram. Furazolidone is fed (0.04%) for 10 days and chlortetracycline in water (600 mg/5 L) for 5 days. Inactivated vaccine from 02:K1 and 078: K SO strains are effective. For ducks, inactivated vaccine prepared from 078 strain is effective.
7. Infectious coryza (Haemophiluspara gallinarum) Chicken	Affects upper respiratory tract, sero mucoid nasal and occular discharges and facial oedema, conjunctivitis with closed eyes.	Ailing bird or trachea and lungs in sterile containers on ice.	Isolation and identification	Sulpha drugs plus TMP, streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, quinolone 2nd generation.
8. Erysipelas (Erysipeolothrix insidiosa) Turkey & Chicken.	Sudden death, especially in toms. Cutaneous lesions may be seen. Affected males have swollen discoloured turgid snood and dewlap.	Ailing bird, piece of liver, spleen in sterile vials on ice, bones of putrefied birds in charcoal, impression smears (from liver, spleen and heart blood smear.	Sudden loss of adult turkey in flesh with septicaemic lesions, isolation and identification of organism, bone marrow culture in putrefied carcass, agglutination test.	Crystalline penicillin is the drug of choice. Erythromycin and broad-spectrum antibiotics are also effective. Aluminium hydroxide absorbed whole cell of E.insidiosa (serotype 2) is effective.
9. Chronic respiratory disease (CRD) Mycoplasma gallisepticum Chicken and Turkey	Nasal discharge, shaking of head, coughing, swelling of the orbital sinuses and tracheal rales. Loss of weight, reduction in egg production and fertility, mortality low.	Ailing bird or trachea, air sac, turbinates and lung in sterile container from dead bird (on ice).	Symptoms, isolation and identification of organism, rapid serum plate test, HI test, ELISA	Chlortetracycline, tylosin, streptomycin, erythromycin or lincomycin can be tried. But some strains are resistant to tylosin, streptomycin, erythromycin or spiromycin. Dipping of egg prior to hatching in tylosin or chlortetracycline is advised for controlling the infection. MG bacterin with oil emulsion adjuvant. Live vaccine F strain of MG can be used.
10. Gangrenous dermatitis (Clostridium septicum, Cl. perfringes type A S. aureus singly or in combination) Poultry	Varying degree of depression, incoordination, leg weakness, ataxia, dark moist areas of skin devoid of feathers, overlying wings, breast, abdomen and leg, extensive blood tinged oedema with or without gas is present beneath the affected skin.	Ailing birds, swab collected from affected area.	Clinical symptoms and lesions, isolation and identification of organism	No treatment is completely successful. Chlortetracycline, Oxytetracycline, Bacitracin, penicillin, copper sulphate in drinking water. Furaxone in feed
11. Psittacosis/ Ornithosis (Chlamydia psittaci) Parrots and other psittacine birds, domestic poultry, turkey and ducks. Transmissible to man	Ruffled plumage, nasal discharge, watery greenish diarrhoea, pasting of feathers, wasting of pectoral muscles, nervous symptoms, respiratory symptoms.	Two ailing birds, impression smears from cut surfaces of liver, spleen, air sac impression smears	Clinical symptoms, P.M.findings, microscopical examination, impression smears, after modified ZN staining isolation and identification of the organism, CFT.	Broad-spectrum antibiotics, chlortetracycline 500-800 g/tonne of feed for 3 weeks. Doxycycline also tried

(Source: Kerala Agricultural University)

Vaccination Schedule for Poultry birds

Animal	Diseases	Age and Booster dose	Route	Remark
Broilers	Ranikhet disease (Newcastle disease)	1-7 days	Spray / occulonasal drops	Strain F or Bl or LaSota.
	Infectious bronchitis	3-4 weeks	Spray / drinking water.	Strain La Sota.
	Infectious bursal disease	18-21 days	Spray / drinking water	If maternal antibody is low.
	Marek’s disease	5-10 days or 18-21 days	Drinking water.
Broiler and layer breeders	Marek’s disease	day-1	i/m	If the bird s are to be kept for more than 60 days. Only during epidemic.
	RD	day-1 3 weeks	i/m
		1-7 days	Spray/ occulonasal drops.	If mesogenic strain.
		3-4 weeks	Spray/drinking water i/m	If lentogenic strain (La Sota)
		8 weeks	Drinking water	Killed vaccine/ mesogenic strain
		16-18 weeks 40th week	i/m Drinking water
Broiler and layer breeders	Fowl pox	6 – 8 weeks 18-20 weeks	Wing web s/c or i/m	Cell culture vaccine
	Fowl cholera	6 weeks Adult repeat annually	0.5 ml s/c 1 ml s/c
	Infectious bronchitis	3 weeks 8 weeks 14-16 weeks	Drinking water/spray i/m	Killed vaccine.
	Infectious bursal disease	3 weeks 16 weeks	Drinking water i/m	Chicks between 5-7 days can be vaccinated if required with highly attenuated strains. Killed vaccine
Commercial layers	Marek’s disease	Day 1	i/m
	Ranikhet disease	1-7 days 3-4 weeks 8 weeks 16-18 weeks	spray/ occulonasal drops/drinking water spray/drinking water i/m or s/c Drinking water i/m	If mesogenic If lentogenic Killed vaccine/mesogenic La Sota strain
	Infectious bursal disease	40th week	Drinking water
	Infectious bronchitis	3 weeks	Drinking water
	Infectious coryza	3 weeks	Drinking water	Killed vaccine
	EDS – 76	3 weeks	Drinking water/spray
	ILT	16 weeks	i/m
Duck breeders/ commercial duck	Duck plague	9 weeks 14-18 weeks 14 weeks	s/c i/m eye drop	Killed vaccine Annual vaccination recommended
	Duck hepatitis	2-4 weeks 8 weeks 16 weeks	i/m or s/c i/m or s/c i/m or s/c Foot web	May be repeated 4-5 months interval
	Duck pasteurellosis	9 weeks 1-10 days 20 weeks	i/m	For duck pasteurellosis killed vaccine is to be prepared from duck isolates. Dose same as in poultry.

(Source: Kerala Agricultural University)